Study Microbiology

  12 Significance of human to aquatic life:   1   Food source:    Humans consume a variety of aquatic animals such as fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, making aquatic life an important food source. . Aquatic biodiversity:   Aquatic ecosystems are home to a vast array of species, many of which are unique and essential to the health of these ecosystems. . Oxygen production:   Aquatic plants and algae are responsible for producing a significant portion of the world's oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. . Carbon sequestration:     Aquatic ecosystems are also important for sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change.   Water filtration:    Aquatic organisms such as clams and oysters filter water by removing contaminants and pollutants, improving water quality for other species and humans.   Medicinal pr...

  Aspergillosis  disease: Introduction:      Aspergilloses is an infection caused by aspergils specie, it is the type of common mold which lives in indoor and outdoor ,Aspergillosis is causing many people by weakening immune system and contains high risk of health problems , these health problems which is causing by aspergils   includes allergic reaction , lung infection and other organs, the most effective form of aspergillosis is invasive aspergillosis , it occurs the infection by spreading to blood vessel, it depends upon the type of aspergillosis treatment which involves in observation, antifungal medication and surgery, it affects the lower respiratory tract by inhaling the spores of filamentous fungus.  Causative agent: The causative agent of aspergillosis is aspergils, this type of fungus is commonly found on dead leaves, stored grain and decaying vegetables, it is found in marijuana leaves, most of the people which is infected by aspergil...

  Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) Introduction: It is the type of inferential lung disease, which causes inflammation in our air sacs and lungs, in the previous it is called as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is often occurs such as flu-like-poor health, it can affect to any person, most people that occur COP is contain the risk of heart disease.  Causative agent: Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is the caused by organized pneumonia such as viral infections, toxic gases, medications, gastro esophagus reflux, radiation therapy and connective tissue disorder, the conditions which is linked with cryptogenic pneumonia include such as: 1) Lymphatic system cancer 2) Lung cancer 3) Red blood cell cancer    Symptoms:   Symptoms of Cryptogenic pneumonia contain few weeks or months, it also appears like flu, most of the people contain symptoms such as: 1) Conciseness of breath 2) Dry cough 3) Weigh...

  Lyme Disease:  Introduction: This type of disease is transmitted to humans by the biting of infected blacklegged ticks. Discovery of Lyme disease: Lyme disease is first identified in 1975, due to cause of rheumatoid arthritis, Lyme disease is recognized by the United States in 1960 to 1970.   Causative agent: The causative agent of Lyme disease is bacterium borealis burgdorferis, B-burgdorferis is motile, gram negative and contain highly segmented genome made of linear chromosome. Symptoms: Symptoms of Lyme disease include: 1) Fever 2) Headache 3) Fatigue 4) Skin rash 5) Facial Paralysis 6) Arthritis    Stages of Lyme disease:   There are three stages of Lyme disease.   Stage 1: It is called as localized Lyme disease it contains bacteria that do not spread in whole body. Step 2:                  It is called as    early diss...

  12 Effects of Pathogens:   There are many effects of pathogens, but I only discuss 12 effects of pathogens. 1) Effect of pathogen to environment: Pathogen affecting the ecosystem by abundance or phenotype of the host, directly kill the ecosystem.   2) Effect of Pathogens to Plants: Plant effect pathogen to cause disease and destroying all the plants and causing hunger and starvation. 3) Effect of pathogen to water: Effect of pathogen to water is causing by diarrhea,  vomiting,  fatigue  and sometimes even caused death.  4) Effect of Pathogen to Human: Pathogen effect humans by causing these types of diseases which include diseases like tick borne diseases, food borne diseases, Norwalk virus, Escherichia coli and mosquito borne diseases. 5) Effect of pathogen to immune system: Pathogen effect the immune system by enabling the cell to recognized different pathogen which is distinguishing the body from their own cells and tissues. ...

ED Pathway:  Introduction: 1) ED pathway was discovered by two scientists name Nathan Entner and Michael Duodorof. 2) It is the alternative pathway of glycolysis in which glucose is converted into pyruvate. 3) This pathway is present in prokaryotes in cytoplasm.   4) This pathway contains most of the gram-negative bacteria and some of gram-positive bacteria. 5) This pathway is first identified in pseudomonas saccharophila. 6) It contains two specific enzymes one is phosphogluconate and other is KDPG. 7) This pathway generates one ATP, one NAD and one NADPH. 8) ED pathways contain relatively low energy which contain most of their energy through oxidative phosphorylation.   9) In fermented bacterium like Zymomonas mobilis uses ED pathway under anaerobic conditions. 10) ED pathway is one of the pathways that is used by microorganisms by the wide variety of carbon-energy sources depending upon the organisms and growth conditions. 11) It occurs in both aerobi...